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The Son casts the rebels out of Heaven. 1866 Illustration by Gustave Doré for John Milton's Paradise Lost. |
Theological exegesis and hermeneutical analysis meet in a strained manner when ancient texts are applied to justify modern military policy and outright murders, as observed in Gordon Robertson's interpretations surrounding the events of 2026. In the search for Old Testament prophecies to justify assassinations, it should not be forgotten that the Apostle Paul writes in 1 Cor. 6:9-11 that the Corinthians—as well as those in Washington—should know that exploiters and the greedy will not inherit the kingdom of God. The prophecy of Revelation 21:8 strikes particularly close: "But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death." Why are these forgotten following the filthy scandal of Epstein and the murders commissioned by state leadership, yet the prophecies of Jeremiah are sought out as a speech of defense?
Chapters 46–51 of the Book of Jeremiah form a extensive collection of oracles, known as the "nations speeches" (oracles against foreign nations). This entity is an essential part of the prophet's calling as a "prophet to the nations" (גּוֹיִם נָבִיא, nābîʾ gôyîm), as Georg Fischer, professor emeritus at the University of Innsbruck and a renowned Jeremiah scholar, emphasizes [Fischer, 2025]. Fischer posits that the oracles against the nations are not a detached appendix to the book, but are integrated into Jeremiah's theological structure to demonstrate the universal power of Yahweh (יהוה, JHWH) [Fischer, 2025]. The fate of the nations is intertwined with the fate of Judah, and both are assessed by the same criteria of divine justice. Swiss Reformed theologian Beat Huwyler, who specializes in the structural analysis of Jeremiah's oracles against the nations, states that the purpose of these speeches was to undermine Judah's efforts to ally with foreign powers against Babylonia [Huwyler, 2020]. According to Huwyler, the texts demonstrate the fragility of all surrounding nations in the face of God's plan [Huwyler, 2020].
Within the collection of oracles against the nations, the prophecy directed against Elam (Jer. 49:34–39) is exegetically exceptional. In the Masoretic text of the book, it is dated to the beginning of the reign of King Zedekiah, around 597/596 BCE [Eichler, 2022]. Raanan Eichler, Associate Professor at Bar-Ilan University, points out that the Elam prophecy is remarkably vague compared to other oracles against nations, suggesting that the author did not know this distant land precisely [Eichler, 2022]. The "bow of Elam" (קֶשֶׁת עֵילָם, qešet ʿêlām) mentioned in the text is a metonym referring to the Elamites' known skill as archers [Eichler, 2022]. God declares that He will break this might and scatter the people to the four winds (אַרְבַּע רוּחוֹת, ʾarbaʿ rûḥôt). This description suggests a total military and political collapse. Historically and textually, the Elam oracle is intriguing because it is situated first in its collection in the Septuagint (JerG 25:14–20), whereas in the Masoretic text, it is placed toward the end, before Babylon [Bartelmus, 2025]. Alexa Bartelmus, a researcher at LMU Munich, suggests that the concept of Elam is layered and can refer to different historical phases [Bartelmus, 2025].
Huwyler analyzes the Elam text, emphasizing that it differs from other Jeremian oracles against nations in its prose form and linguistic style [Huwyler, 2020]. He considers that the text reflects theology from the time of the exile or thereafter, in which Yahweh is seen as the lord of the entire world [Huwyler, 2020]. The idea of setting up God’s throne (כִּסְאִי, kissĕʾî) in Elam in verse 38 is biblically unique [Eichler, 2022]. Eichler argues that this passage is an intentionally ambiguous oracle [Eichler, 2022]. On one hand, it can be seen as a conqueror's gesture, where the throne is established momentarily as a sign of victory [Eichler, 2022]. On the other hand, it can refer to a long-term historical shift where God's sovereign power moves to a new center [Eichler, 2022]. According to Eichler, Elam acts here as a code for Persia and the rise of Cyrus, which marked the end of Babylonian power [Eichler, 2022]. This interpretation receives support from Gad Barnea, a researcher at the University of Haifa, who examines the oracles in the context of the Achaemenid Empire [Barnea, 2025]. Barnea posits that many oracle texts against nations have been updated or recontextualized to reflect later historical experiences [Barnea, 2025].
The theology of the Book of Jeremiah is not mere judgment, but includes a tension between anger and compassion. H. G. L. (Eric) Peels, professor emeritus at the Theological University Apeldoorn, describes this theological profile as multifaceted [Peels, 2025]. Although the oracles against the nations are filled with violent imagery, God is also presented with tears in His eyes, as seen in the case of Moab [Peels, 2025]. The latter part of the Elam prophecy (v. 39) promises the restoration of fortunes (שׁוּב שְׁבוּת, šûb šĕbût), which provides hope for the nation's future [Bartelmus, 2025]. This pattern—judgment followed by restoration—is repeated in several of Jeremiah's prophecies. Peels reminds us that God's sovereignty also means that He can build and plant after He has torn down and scattered [Peels, 2025]. The military imagery of the text is thus not self-serving violence, but a theological tool to demonstrate the vanity of human pride [Peels, 2025].
The application presented by Robertson and other current interpreters is in sharp contrast with critical exegesis. Gordon Robertson, president of the Christian Broadcasting Network, has applied Jeremiah 49:35–39 directly to modern-day Iran [Robertson, 2026]. Robertson uncritically identifies ancient Elam as modern Iran and claims that the destruction portion of the verses is currently being fulfilled through military strikes [Robertson, 2026]. He emphasizes the "latter days" (בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים, bĕʾaḥărît hayyāmîm) as an eschatological sign of the present moment [Robertson, 2026].
From an academic perspective, an interpretation like Robertson's represents a hermeneutical short circuit. Gilbert Gerald Harrop, a scholar and pastor who earned his doctorate from the University of Chicago, already addressed the relationship of prophets to tradition and dissent in his 1950 dissertation [Harrop, 1950]. Harrop argued that the prophets were not merely transmitters of tradition, but often acted as critics of power [Harrop, 1950]. Jeremiah specifically is known as a "prophet of individuality" who opposed the military-political aspirations of his own time [Harrop, 1950]. Harrop's life work at Forest Baptist Church reflected the principles of the Social Gospel and opposed autocratic preachers [Gordon, 2022]. It is ironic that Jeremiah, who warned Judah against trusting in military displays of power, is now used to justify war in the year 2026. Robertson's interpretation ignores that in ancient Near Eastern thought, the "latter days" often refer to a historical turning point, not necessarily the end of the world [Eichler, 2022]. Eichler points out that the text likely refers to the rise of Persia after Babylonian tyranny [Eichler, 2022]. It is not a pre-authorization for bombings carried out by nuclear powers. Trumpian eschatology turns a theological text into a military-strategic manual.
Jeremiah's Elam oracle is primarily aimed at the people of its own time to remind them of God's omnipotence. When Donald Trump and Benjamin Netanyahu or their supporters justify the bombing of Iran and the assassination of leaders with biblical judgment, they are guilty of instrumental hermeneutics. Huwyler emphasizes that changes in biblical texts must serve a discernible and unifying purpose within the text itself [Huwyler, 2020]. In Jeremiah, this purpose is often the nation's humility and return to ethical values, not the destruction of a foreign nation for the benefit of another [Peels, 2025]. Peels notes that there is no gloating (Schadenfreude) in the "nations speeches" of the Book of Jeremiah; rather, they are often deeply tragic [Peels, 2025]. Turning the text into an eschatological justification for bombings loses Jeremiah's original message of repentance and ethical responsibility. According to Fischer, the purpose of the oracles against nations in the Book of Jeremiah is to remove Israel's false sense of security and direct their gaze solely toward God [Fischer, 2025]. In Robertson's interpretation, the text instead transfers the sense of security to American and Israeli military might.
Theological analysis reveals that Jer. 49:35–39 is historically anchored in the power politics of the ancient Near East. Elam was already a weakened power at that time, which soon fell under the rising Persia [Bartelmus, 2025]. Bartelmus states that later redactions might have used the name "Elam" to refer to the Persian Empire, which enabled Judah's return [Bartelmus, 2025]. In this light, the text is a sign of hope for liberation rather than a call to destroy neighboring nations. When modern "prophetic" interpreters seek support for bombings from the text, they forget that the primary target of the prophets was Judah's own sinfulness [Harrop, 1950]. According to Harrop, Jeremiah's "dissent" was directed precisely at how religion was used to bolster state power [Harrop, 1950]. In the geopolitical situation of 2026, this critical voice of Jeremiah has been silenced under the weight of militarism. The mindset represented by Robertson's video is dangerous because it connects divine wrath to state violence without the moral self-examination required by the text.
Exegetical research shows that the "establishment of the throne in Elam" refers to a change in administrative power, not necessarily to genocide [Eichler, 2022]. Eichler emphasizes that God takes power away from human kings and princes (מֶלֶךְ וְשָׂרִים, melek wĕśārîm) [Eichler, 2022]. This is a warning to all those in power, including those today. The actions of Trump and Netanyahu, which were deceptive in the midst of negotiations, militate against the truth and justice called for by Jeremiah. The use of the text for the purposes of Trump and Netanyahu is a flagrant example of political religion that has abandoned the achievements of critical theology. The ethical dimension emphasized by Harrop is completely ignored here [Harrop, 1950]. If Jeremiah were alive in 2026, he would likely proclaim judgment precisely on those who use his words to justify deception and the blood of the innocent. The theology of the oracles against nations has never been a "chosen people's" blank check for violence [Peels, 2025]. On the contrary, it is a demonstration that no one is immune to God's moral assessment [Peels, 2025].
According to Huwyler, biblical changes in the text serve the theological whole [Huwyler, 2020]. In the case of the Book of Jeremiah, this whole is the salvation of the nation through ethical renewal. Robertson's attempt to find a modern equivalent for Elam in Iran is historically inaccurate, as ancient Elam had nothing to do with the borders or ideology of the modern state of Iran. It is an anachronistic application that Bartelmus considers scientifically untenable [Bartelmus, 2025]. Theologically, it is questionable to call bombings "the work of the Lord" when the prophet himself suffered from the violence of his own people. Fischer states that Jeremiah's gaze is always broader than mere national interest [Fischer, 2025]. It is a universal gaze that demands justice for all nations [Fischer, 2025]. Supporters of Trump's policy narrow this gaze to mere lust for power. Jeremiah's text does not support such narrow nationalism.
Ultimately, chapter 49 of the Book of Jeremiah is a reminder that God is the Lord who judges pride. Eichler demonstrates how the text plays with words and meanings to show the grand lines of history [Eichler, 2022]. These lines are not drawn by warlords; they are part of a larger moral order. Harrop reminded us that a modern religious leader should follow the prophets in dissent and in speaking the truth, not in following power [Harrop, 1950]. The events of 2026 show that this lesson remains unlearned. Reading the Bible without academic and ethical self-criticism leads to disastrous results. Theological analysis returns the text to its original task: to challenge us to ask where justice truly resides. It does not reside in the wings of bombers, but in humility and truth. Jeremiah's lament on behalf of Elam and others is still an urgent cry against violence. We must not allow this cry to be buried under the drumming of war. Exegesis is the tool that prevents the hijacking of the text for wrong purposes.
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[Bartelmus, 2025] Bartelmus, Alexa (2025). Late Neo-Elamite Kingdoms, the Rise of Cyrus the Great, the Fall of Babylon and the End of the Babylonian Captivity: Varying Notions of “Elam” in JerMT 49:34–39 // JerG 25:14–20 and JerMT 25:15–26 // JerG 32:1–12. Teoksessa: Davis, J. & Hensel, B. (toim.) A Prophet to the Nations. Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on Jeremiah 46–51. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen.
[Barnea, 2025] Barnea, Gad (2025). “Why was your bull washed away?” (Jer. 46:15): The Achaemenid Context of the Oracles against Egypt. Teoksessa: Davis, J. & Hensel, B. (toim.) A Prophet to the Nations. Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on Jeremiah 46–51. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen.
[Davis & Hensel, 2025] Davis, Jordan & Hensel, Benedikt (2025). A Prophet to the Nations. Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on Jeremiah 46–51. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen.
[Eichler, 2022] Eichler, Raanan (2022). An Ambiguous Oracle in the Prophecy against Elam (Jeremiah 49:34–39). Vetus Testamentum 2, vol.72: 183–190.
[Fischer, 2025] Fischer, Georg (2025). The Function and Purpose of the Oracles against Foreign Nations in Jeremiah. Teoksessa: Davis, J. & Hensel, B. (toim.) A Prophet to the Nations. Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on Jeremiah 46–51. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen.
[Gordon, 2022] Gordon, Reece (2022). The History of Forest Baptist Church 1871-2021.
[Harrop, 1950] Harrop, Gilbert Gerald (1950). Tradition and Dissent in the Eight Century Prophets and Jeremiah. Väitöskirja. The University of Chicago, Illinois.
[Huwyler, 2020] Huwyler, Beat (2020). Jeremia und die Völker: Untersuchungen zu den Völkersprüchen in Jeremia 46-49. Forschungen zum Alten Testament, 20. Tübingen.
[Peels, 2025] Peels, H.G.L. (Eric) (2025). Judgement and Hope, Anger and Compassion: The Theological Profile of the Oracles against the Nations in the Book of Jeremiah. Teoksessa: Davis, J. & Hensel, B. (toim.) A Prophet to the Nations. Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on Jeremiah 46–51. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen.
[Robertson, ”Jeremiah 49”, 4.2.2026] Robertson, Gordon (4.2.2026). The Prophecy About Iran From The Bible. YouTube-video: https://youtu.be/674iX36_aAI. Christian Broadcasting Network.
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Juha Molari, BBA, Ph.D.
March 2, 2026 in Helsinki







